General+Review

**TURNING POINTS IN HISTORY:** For each date identify the event, comment on its significance and then list at least three other events (movements, trends, activities in literature, science, art or economics) that fall within a ten year period following the date.

DATE: 1492 EVENT: SIGNIFICANCE: OTHER EVENTS:

DATE: 1517 EVENT: Martin Luther posted 95 Theses SIGNIFICANCE: Luther didn't believe that the Catholic Church should sell indulgences, so he posted his 95 Theses for scholars to debate about. OTHER EVENTS:

DATE: 1588 EVENT: Defeat of the Spanish Armada SIGNIFICANCE: OTHER EVENTS:

DATE: 1648 EVENT: SIGNIFICANCE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER EVENTS:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">DATE: 1715 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">EVENT: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">SIGNIFICANCE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER EVENTS:


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">WARS: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> For each conflict, provide the dates and the causes and results of the conflict.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WAR: Hapsburg-Valois struggle <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">DATE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CAUSES: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">RESULTS:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WAR: French wars of religion <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">DATE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CAUSES: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">RESULTS:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WAR: Dutch revolt <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">DATE: 1568- 1648 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CAUSES: Also known as the Eighty Year's War, the 17 Protestant provinces in the Low Countries revolted against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">RESULTS: The Northern provinces and Holland became independent.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WAR: Attack of the Spanish Armada <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">DATE:July 21st 1588- July 28th 1588 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CAUSES:Elizabeth the first of England helped the protestant cause in the low countries (netherlands) and the final straw was draw on February 8th 1587 when Elizabeth orders the execution of Mary Queen of Scots who Phillip the 2nd of spain hoped to unite Protestant England with Catholic Europe through. Then Phillip knew the only way to suppress the protest cause in the Netherlands was through conquering England so he sent the Spanish armada to go do this. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">RESULTS:Due to quicker, smaller English ships with better firing range and a lucky break with the weather the Englsih won and this would be a serious blow to Spain's prestige and would begin a decline in its power while England throughout the 1600s would have a renewed confidence and a david-goliath type of attitude due to this victory.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">WAR: Thirty Years' War <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">DATE:1618-1648 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">CAUSES:The rise of calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire which was not addressed with the Pace of Augsburg in 1555 would lead to Calvinists demanding their own rights as well which all came out with Defenestration of Prague during which two royal officers carrying out religious order from Ferdinand the 2nd were thrown out of a royal castle window in Bohemia. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">RESULTS:The first two parts of the war: The bohemian and Danish phase resulted in a victory for Ferdinand the 2nd and the catholic cause but when The Swedish get involved led by Adolphus Gustavus and the French with the authority of Cardinal Richelieu unite with the Swedes the Peace of Westphalia is eventually signed giving the princes in each of the now more fragmented Holy Roman empire the right to have catholicism,lutheranism and calvinism in their territory and taking away papal authority in the empire and further accentuates the political and religious fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**PEACE TREATIES**: Explain the results of each of the following treaties.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY: Peace of Augsburg (1555) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">IMPACT:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY: Edict of Nantes (1598) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">IMPACT:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY: Peace of Westphalia (1648) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER SETTLEMENTS: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">IMPACT:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY: Treaty of Utrecht (1713) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS: expansio ns for Britain, the Dutch Republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy, but England had the biggest expansion, receiving territories in the New World. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">OTHER SETTLEMENTS: the French and Spanish crowns could never come together. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">IMPACT: The Peace of Utrecht marked the end of the French expansionist policy, completed the Spanish decline, and gave back the balance-of-power principle.