The+New+Monarchs

What is a "new monarch?" Describe the general nature and accomplishments of the new monarchs.

A new monarch is a ruler that centralizes the government with their rule by for example crushing the nobility, increasing military power, expanding territory and funding exploration of the new world. The mew monarchs also had struck religious rules that forced most people to abide to the religious beliefs of the country because tolerance was a means of not s state within a state and that diminishes the power of the monarch. So in other words we saw the unity of church and state together and how monarchs fought for religous power to elect bishops and abbots they wanted for person game.

Why would each of the following be considered a "new monarch?" (Provide specific examples.)
 * Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)
 * Made alliance with towns to establish law and order.
 * Personally visited each area of the country.
 * Completed reconquista.
 * Established strict religious orthodoxy with Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled Jews in 1492.
 * Sponsored voyages of exploration.
 * Spain emerged as the strongest nation in Europe.
 * Francis I (France)
 * Gained control of the French clergy by agreement with the pope (Concordat of Bologna).
 * Established taxation with a direct tax (taille).
 * Claimed lands in Italy.
 * France extended its territory, laid a secure foundation for taxes, and created the largest army in Europe.
 * This represents a strong recovery from the Hundred Year's War, but the kingdom continued to face encirclement by the Habsburgs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Henry VII (England)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">centered the center of royal authority on the royal council made up of middle class men who served as executive, judicial and legislative branch of government and Henry purposely excluded nobles to decrease their power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Court of star chamber to deal with aristocratic troubles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Justices of Peace handled government at a local and would work hard to keep the nobles in their place
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Arranged marriages for eldest son Arthur to Catharine of Aragon to maintain good relations with Habsburgs and when Arthur died he arranged for Catharine to marry younger son who would become King Henry the 8th
 * Built England's first state navy
 * Married off daughter Margaret to Scottish King to secure peace with Scotland

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain the political situation in the Italian and German states in the early modern period (1450-1550).

The Italian states had a very fragmented political situation as the five large city states of Florence, Duchy of Milan,Venice,Kingdom of Naples, papal states and venetian republic were very fragmented and functioned and independent republics and oligarchies and were not able to come together to form a common defense .In the German states when King Charles the first was passed the spanish crown and was also Habsburg heir to the holy Roman Empire he became Charles the fifth and while this was good the title of emperor brought very little political power During the early through the mid 1500s Charles was involved in a bitter battle with valois king of France Francis the 1st as they fought for the Burgundian islands as well as other realms in ITaly. During the Habsburg-Valois wars Charles never had a decisive victory over the French but Charles the 5th would end up warding off French threat to Naples and acquiring the Duchy of Milan all of this battling in Italy would lower their ability as a great power due to the Sack of Rome that took place during their time which further accentuates their lack to form a common defense.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">What was the relation of the Ottoman Empire to the development of modern Europe?

The Ottoman Empire did not greatly affect the development of modern Europe, but it still had it's influences. For example, many people from a country could live and work in the Ottoman Empire and vice versa. The Ottoman Empire was very present and large, but it was somewhat lurking away from where all the action was in this time. The Ottoman empire at one point almost took aver Italy, but they didn't. Europe and the Ottoman empire were intertwined in different political and economic ways. Also, when the Jews in Spain were persecuted, a lot of them went to the Ottoman Empire.