The+Reformation

Define the causes of the Protestant Reformation.
 * Political- secular rulers resented the authority of the Church and their ability to own land
 * Economic- rise of better educated secular-minded middle class, opening of the Atlantic
 * Religious- practices within Catholic Church such as pluralism, absenteeism, simony and nepotism
 * Intellectual- The ideas of Renaissance humanism made people question traditions and beliefs of the Catholic Church, so did the spread of Luther's ideas and his 95 Theses, the invention of the printing press allowed the spread of new ideas

Contrast the thinking of each of the following.
 * Martin Luther- Church should be subordinate to state, salvation by faith alone and the free gift of God's grace, the Bible should be read by all and the only authority in Christianity comes from the Bible, priesthood of all believers; the bread and wine in the Eucharist went through consubstantiation, no transubstantiation
 * John Calvin- predestination; believed in simple Church services, unlike the elaborate Masses of the Catholic Church; believed in salvation by faith alone and that those who God chose to be saved would do good works; adhered to the teachings of the Bible, and the Eucharist was merely a reenactment of the Last Supper and the bread and wine did not even go through consubstantiation; the Protestant work ethic was a major part of his Theocracy in Geneva, where people worked hard at their jobs and followed Calvin's strict laws because they felt they had been chosen by God to be saved and it was their duty to act accordingly
 * Ignatius Loyola- absolute faith in the teachings of the Church, started the Society of Jesus which promoted
 * Erasmus- proponent of religious toleration, criticized the abuses of the Church but remained loyal to the pope,
 * Henry VIII- Church should be subordinate to the state,

Identify and explain the historical significance of the each of the following persons, documents, or events.
 * Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor from 1519- 1556, summoned Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, later declared Luther and outlaw because he refused to recant and no longer spread ideas that went against the teachings of the Catholic Church.
 * Diet of Worms- Luther was summoned there by the Pope to recant, Charles V was there, Luther refused to recant and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church, took place in Worms, Germany in 1521
 * Peace of Augsburg- treaty between Charles V and Lutheran princes that ended religious struggle between Lutherans and Catholics and officially recognized the permanent division of the two groups. State princes in the Holy Roman Empire were allowed to choose their state's official religion, either Catholicism or Lutheranism
 * Act of Supremacy- this made King Henry VIII of England the head of the Church of England, and still applies to the monarch of the UK
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Henry VIII- King of England (Tudor family)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Father of: Mary I, Elizabeth I, Edward VI
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 Wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Started the Church of England in order to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. The pope would not allow it, so he started his own church. He also made himself head of this church.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Counter Reformation- response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Inquisition was established to punish heretics; essentially an attempt to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Reformation more so reformed the Catholic Church
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Council of Trent- members eliminated church abuses, provided for better regulation and education of priests, reaffirmed Catholic practices like clerical celibacy, importance of good works, papal authority and transubstantiation (bread and wine were transformed into the body and blood of Jesus during Mass, though they retained the taste and texture of bread and wine)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Anabaptists- believed in adult baptism and that religion should ultimately be someone's choice,