The+Religious+Wars

Summarize the general causes of European conflict in the period 1550-1650.


 * __**Reform of the Catholic Church**__
 * Council of Trent, Society of Jesus(Jesuits)- were both used to attempt to reform the Catholic church
 * Absenteeism and Pluralism were big problems
 * Ursuline Nuns wanted education for women
 * __**Dutch Revolt in Spain**__
 * Dutch did not like the political, religious and economic conditions under Philip II
 * Started a Protestant revolt under the command of William of Orange (The Silent)
 * Duke of Alva sent to pacify Dutch, ended up executing thousands of rebels
 * Union of Utrecht (7 Provinces), remained free of Spanish rule, the other 10 remained under the rule
 * Spanish Armada is defeated by English Navy/Sea Dogs
 * **__French Wars of Religion__**
 * Most nobles were Huguenots (Calvinists)
 * St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- Thousands of Huguenots massacred by the Catholic Guise at the decision of Catherine de'Medici
 * War of the 3 Henry's- Henry of Navarre(Bourbon) led the Huguenots, Henry of Guise led the Catholics, and King Henry III made a Catholic faction as an alternative to both Guise and Huguenots.
 * Henry IV, a politique and Bourbon is crowned king, converts to Catholicism and passes Edict of Nantes
 * __**30 Years** **War**__
 * Peace of Augsburg didn't account for the Calvinists
 * Protestants in Bohemia threw Catholic officials out of a window, survived anyway
 * Calvinist Frederick V took Bohemian crown as a Calvinist, then Frederick II took it back at the Battle of White Mountain
 * Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus, joined the war in order to gain land. Also signed a treaty with France
 * French, under Richelieu, joined the war to weaken Hapsburgs
 * Peace of Westphalia

Describe the historical significance of each of the following:
 * __Elizabeth I-__ She was a politique and the protestant queen of Europe. She was accepting of Catholicism and passed the Elizabethan Settlement, or the Act of Supremacy, and the Act of Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy reestablished Englands separation from Rome and made Elizabeth the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Act of Uniformity reestablished the English Book of Common Prayer.
 * __Philip II-__ Spanish King who inherited rule of the Netherlands as well. His Armada was defeated by the English Navy. Which resulted in the Netherlands having 7 states free from Spanish rule(Union of Utrecht), and 10 remaning under Spanish rule.
 * __Henry IV-__ A Bourbon and a politque who was previously Henry of Navarre, was crowned king. He then converts to Catholicism and passes the Edict of Nantes.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">__Gustavus Adolphus-__ The leader of Sweden who signed a treaty with France, and aided the protestants in the 30 Years Wars. He also wanted to weaken Hapsburg's power.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">__Treaty of Westphalia-__ The treaty that ended the 30 Years war. It expanded the Peace of Augsburg to the Calvinists, and also gave land to Brandenburg, France, and Sweden. It also ended the hope for the Holy Roman Emperor to restore his power and attain Catholic unity throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Discuss the role of politics in each of the following struggles:
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">__Dutch revolt-__ When Philip II came into power over the Netherlands, they were used to having a flemish ruler. They were used to basically governing themselves, therefore they did not like having a powerful rule of Philip II.
 * __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conflict between Elizabeth I and Philip II- __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Elizabeth was aiding the Dutch in their revolt, thus going against Philip because she was helping him to lose. Elizabeth's Navy defeated the Spanish Armada and that started the decline of Spain as a huge power.
 * __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">French wars of religion- __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The war of the Henry's was all for who would be king.
 * __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thirty Years War- __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The incentives for Sweden and France to enter the war was so that they could gain land, and help ruin the Habsburgs. The Holy Roman Emperor was also fighting to restore religious unity to his nation so he could restore his own power.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained land. Sweden got Western Pomerania, and Brandenburg gain Eastern Pomerania. France also annexed Alsace and territories around it. It recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. German princes were also allowed to decide what religion their province would be. Further fragmenting the Holy Roman Empire. Thus ending the hope of the Holy Roman Emperor to restore his power and Catholic unity.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">What were the political settlements of the Peace of Westphalia? **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">What were the religious settlements of the Peace of Westphalia? **

<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Peace of Augsburg was expanded to Calvinism, and German Princes were allowed to choose the religion of their province.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">To what extent did the settlement at Westphalia resolve the religious and political issues that ignited the conflict? **

It was successful in France and Sweden and for protestants in general. The religious and political issues were mostly tended to in the Peace of Westphalia. The HRE realized he would never have religious unity, and the German princes were now able to choose which religion they wanted their state to be.